Mokṣa Sannyāsa Yoga

18.32

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Sanskrit · Devanagari

अधर्मं धर्ममिति या मन्यते तमसावृता। सर्वार्थान्विपरीतांश्च बुद्धिः सा पार्थ तामसी ॥

Sanskrit · IAST

adharmaṃ dharmamiti yā manyate tamasāvṛtā sarvārthānviparītāṃśca buddhiḥ sā pārtha tāmasī

English translation

Kashinath Trimbak Telang, 1882
understands impiety (to be) piety and all things incorrectly. That courage O son of Pṛthā! is good courage which is unswerving and by which one controls the operations of the mind breath

This verse was aligned by machine and has completed first review (google/gemini-3.8-flash confidence: 45%); second review pending. Machine alignment confidence: 17%.

Interpretations

Compare translations and commentaries

All 30 available readings are aligned to this verse. Translations appear first, followed by commentaries; each keeps its author and source trail.

Translation · English

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

That understanding which considers irreligion to be religion and religion to be irreligion, under the spell of illusion and darkness, and strives always in the wrong direction, O Pārtha, is in the mode of ignorance.

Machine-validated alignment; human review pending. SHA-256 b2be9a65cc86…

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Translation · English

Abhinavagupta

18.30-32 Pravrttim etc. upto Tamasi mata. Incorrectly ; not properly.

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Translation · English

Dr. S. S. Sankaranarayan

18.32. The intellect which, containing darkness (ignorance), conceives the unrighteous one as righteous and all things topsy-turvy-that intellect is deemed to be of the Tamas (Strand).

Machine-validated alignment; human review pending. SHA-256 b109c645df21…

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Translation · English

Rāmānuja

18.32 That Buddhi is of the nature of Tamas which is 'enveloped in Tamas' and 'reverses every value.' The meaning is that it regards Adharma as Dharma and Dharma as Adharma, existent as non-existent, and non-existent as existent, and higher truth as the lower and the lower truth as the higher, and thus reverses every value.

Machine-validated alignment; human review pending. SHA-256 5a26f9d4d6e8…

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Translation · English

Śaṅkarācārya

18.32 O Partha, sa, that; buddhih, intellect; tamasi, is born of tamas; ya, which; tamasavrta, being covered by darkness; manyate, considers, understands; adharmam, vice, what is prohibited; iti, as; dharmam, virtue, what is prescribed; and ca, verily; perceives sarvarthan, all things, all objects of knowledge without exception; viparitan, contrary to what they are.

Machine-validated alignment; human review pending. SHA-256 90597b0fa737…

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Translation · English

Shri Purohit Swami

18.32 And that which, shrouded in Ignorance, thinks wrong right, and sees everything perversely, O Arjuna, that intellect is ruled by Darkness.

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Translation · English

Sir Edwin Arnold

Evil is Intellect which, wrapped in gloom, Looks upon wrong as right, and sees all things Contrariwise of Truth. O Pritha's Son! That is of Tamas, "dark" and desperate!

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Translation · English

Swami Adidevananda

18.32 That Buddhi, O Arjuna, which, enveloped in darkness, regards Adharma as Dharma and which reverses every value, is Tamasika.

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Translation · English

Swami Gambirananda

18.32 O Parhta, that intellect is born of tamas which, being covered by darkness, considers vice as virtue, and verily perceives all things contrary ot what they are.

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Translation · English

Swami Sivananda

18.32 That, which, enveloped in darkness, sees Adharma as Dharma and all things perverted that intellect, O Arjuna, is Tamasic (dark).

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Translation · Hindi

Śaṅkarācārya

।।18.32।।हे पार्थ जो तमोगुणसे आवृत हुई बुद्धि अधर्मको -- निषिद्ध कार्यको? धर्म मान लेती है? यानी शास्त्रविहित मान लेती है? तथा जाननेयोग्य अन्यान्य समस्त पदार्थोंको भी? जो विपरीत ही समझती है? वह तामसी है।

Machine-validated alignment; human review pending. SHA-256 b2d75d6ddaa6…

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Translation · Hindi

Swami Ramsukhdas

।।18.32।।हे पृथानन्दन ! तमोगुणसे घिरी हुई जो बुद्धि अधर्मको धर्म और सम्पूर्ण चीजोंको उलटा मान लेती है, वह तामसी है।

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Translation · Hindi

Swami Tejomayananda

।।18.32।। हे पार्थ ! तमस् (अज्ञान अन्ध:कार) से आवृत जो बुद्धि अधर्म को ही धर्म मानती है और सभी पदार्थों को विपरीत रूप से जानती है, वह बुद्धि तामसी है।।

Machine-validated alignment; human review pending. SHA-256 4ad6aa59e163…

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Commentary · English

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

Intelligence in the mode of ignorance is always working the opposite of the way it should. It accepts religions which are not actually religions and rejects actual religion. Men in ignorance understand a great soul to be a common man and accept a common man as a great soul. They think truth to be untruth and accept untruth as truth. In all activities they simply take the wrong path; therefore their intelligence is in the mode of ignorance.

Machine-validated alignment; human review pending. SHA-256 c0ceebf6b0db…

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Commentary · English

Swami Sivananda

18.32 अधर्मम् Adharma? धर्मम् Dharma? इति thus? या which? मन्यते thinks? तमसा by darkness? आवृता enveloped? सर्वार्थान् all things? विपरीतान् perverted? च and? बुद्धिः intellect? सा that? पार्थ O Partha? तामसी Tamasic (dark).Commentary That intellect which regards righteous acts as evil? and considers right things to be false? which treats everything in a contrary sense and looks upon virtues as if they were vices and takes everything that the scriptures declare to be good as being entirely wrong? is Tamasic. It views all things in a perverted light.Thus? O Arjuna? I have explained to thee the three aspects of the intellect. Now listen to the explanation of the characteristics of the three aspects of firmness.

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Commentary · Hindi

Swami Chinmayananda

।।18.32।। सात्त्विक बुद्धि का पदार्थ ज्ञान यथार्थ होता है? तो राजसी बुद्धि का सन्देहात्मक किन्तु तामसी बुद्धि तो वस्तु को उसके मूलस्वरूप से सर्वथा विपरीत रूप में जानती है। धर्म को अधर्म और अधर्म को धर्म मानना इस बुद्धि का कार्य है। वस्तुत तामसी बुद्धि कोई बुद्धि ही नहीं कही जा सकती। वह तो विपरीत ज्ञानों की एक गठरी ही है। विपरीत निष्कर्षों पर पहुँचने की इसकी क्षमता अद्भुत है इसका कारण है? अज्ञानावरण का अन्धकार और अहंकार का अंधोन्माद।अगले श्लोक में त्रिविध धृति का वर्णन करते हैं हे पार्थ योग के द्वारा जिस अव्याभिचारिणी धृति (धारणा) से मनुष्य मन? प्राण और इन्द्रियों की क्रियाओं को धारण करता है? वह धृति,

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Commentary · Hindi

Swami Ramsukhdas

।।18.32।। व्याख्या -- अधर्मं धर्ममिति या मन्यते तमसावृता -- ईश्वरकी निन्दा करना शास्त्र? वर्ण? आश्रम और लोकमर्यादाके विपरीत काम करना मातापिताके साथ अच्छा बर्ताव न करना सन्तमहात्मा? गुरुआचार्य आदिका अपमान करना झूठ? कपट? बेईमानी? जालसाजी? अभक्ष्य भोजन? परस्त्रीगमन आदि शास्त्रनिषिद्ध पापकर्मोंको धर्म मानना -- यह सब अधर्मको धर्म मानना है।अपने शास्त्र? वर्ण? आश्रमकी मर्यादामें चलना मातापिताकी आज्ञाका पालन करना तथा उनकी तनमनधनसे सेवा करना संतमहात्माओंके उपदेशोंके अनुसार अपना जीवन बनाना धार्मिक ग्रन्थोंका पठनपाठन करना दूसरोंकी सेवाउपकार करना शुद्धपवित्र भोजन करना आदि शास्त्रविहित कर्मोंको उचित न मानना -- यह धर्मको अधर्म मानना है।तामसी बुद्धिवाले मनुष्योंके विचार होते हैं कि शास्त्रकारोंने? ब्राह्मणोंने अपनेको बड़ा बता दिया और,तरहतरहके नियम बनाकर लोगोंको बाँध दिया? जिससे भारत परतन्त्र हो गया जबतक ये शास्त्र रहेंगे? ये धार्मिक पुस्तकें रहेंगी? तबतक भारतका उत्थान नहीं होगा? भारत परतन्त्रताकी बेड़ीमें ही जकड़ा हुआ रहेगा? आदिआदि। इसलिये वे मर्यादाओंको तोड़नेमें ही धर्म मानते हैं।सर्वार्थान्विपरीतांश्च -- आत्माको स्वरूप न मानकर शरीरको ही स्वरूप मानना ईश्वरको न मान करके दृश्य जगत्को ही सच्चा मानना दूसरोंको तुच्छ समझकर अपनेको ही सबसे बड़ा मानना दूसरोंको मूर्ख समझकर अपनेको ही पढ़ालिखा? विद्वान् समझना जितने संतमहात्मा हो गये हैं? उनकी मान्यताओंसे अपनी मान्यताको श्रेष्ठ मानना सच्चे सुखकी तरफ ध्यान न देकर वर्तमानमें मिलनेवाले संयोगजन्य सुखको ही सच्चा मानना न करनेयोग्य कार्यको ही अपना कर्तव्य समझना अपवित्र वस्तुओंको ही पवित्र मानना -- यह सम्पूर्ण चीजोंको उलटा मानना है।बुद्धिः सा पार्थ तामसी -- तमोगुणसे आवृत जो बुद्धि अधर्मको धर्म? धर्मको अधर्म और अच्छेको बुरा? सुलटेको उलटा मानती है? वह बुद्धि तामसी है। यह तामसी बुद्धि ही मनुष्यको अधोगतिमें ले जानेवाली है -- अधो गच्छन्ति तामसाः (गीता 14। 18)। इसलिये अपना उद्धार चाहनेवालेको इसका सर्वथा त्याग कर देना चाहिये। सम्बन्ध -- अब भगवान् सात्त्विकी धृतिके लक्षण बताते हैं।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Abhinavagupta

।।18.30 -- 18.32।।प्रवृत्तिमित्त्यादि तामसी मतेत्यन्तम्। अयथावत् -- असम्यक्।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Ānandagiri

।।18.32।।धर्मशब्दो नपुंसकलिङ्गोऽपीत्यभिप्रेत्य धर्ममित्युक्तम्। तमसावृता अविवेकेन वेष्टितेत्यर्थः। कार्याकार्यादीनुक्ताननुक्तांश्च संग्रहीतुं सर्वार्थानित्युक्तं तद्व्याचष्टे -- सर्वानेवेति। विपरीतांश्चेति चकारमवधारणे गृहीत्वा विपरीतानेवेत्युक्तम्।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Dhanapati

।।18.32।।राजसीं बुद्धिमुक्त्वा तामसीं तामाह -- अधर्मं प्रतिषिद्धं धर्मं विहितमिति या मन्यते जानाति तमसाऽविवेकेनावृता वेष्टिता सती सर्वार्थानेव ज्ञेयपदार्थान् विपरीतांश्च विपरीतमेव विजानाति साबद्धिस्तामसी। पार्थ? तव नेयमुचितेति संबोधनाशयः।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Jayatīrtha

।।18.32।।Sri Jayatirtha did not comment on this sloka.

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

।।18.32।।अधर्ममिति। तमसा विशेषदर्शनविरोधिना दोषेणावृता या बुद्धिरधर्मं धर्ममिति मन्यतेऽदृष्टार्थे सर्वत्र विपर्यस्यति तथा सर्वार्थान्सर्वान्दृष्टप्रयोजनानपि ज्ञेयपदार्थान् विपरीतानेव मन्यते सा विपर्यवती बुद्धिस्तामसी।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Madhvācārya

।।18.32।।Sri Madhvacharya did not comment on this sloka.,

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Nīlakaṇṭha

।।18.32।।अधर्ममिति। विपरीतग्राहिणी बुद्धिस्तामसीत्यर्थः।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Puruṣottamajī

।।18.32।।तामसीमाह -- अधर्ममिति। या तमसा अज्ञानेनाऽऽवृता सती अधर्मं भगवदिच्छाननुरूपमकर्तव्यं धर्मं फलदातृ कर्तव्यमिति मन्यते? च पुनः सर्वार्थान् अकार्यकार्याभयभयादीन् विपरीतान् मन्यते? हे पार्थ सा बुद्धिस्तामसी मन्तव्येत्यर्थः।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Rāmānuja

।।18.32।।तामसी तु बुद्धिः तमसा आवृता सती सर्वार्थान् विपरीतान् मन्यते अधर्मं धर्मं धर्मं च अधर्मम्? सन्तं च अर्थम् असन्तम्? असन्तं च अर्थं सन्तम्? परं च तत्त्वम् अपरम्? अपरं च तत्त्वं परम्? एवं सर्वं विपरीतं मन्यते इत्यर्थः।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Śaṅkarācārya

।।18.32।। --,अधर्मं प्रतिषिद्धं धर्मं विहितम् इति या मन्यते जानाति तमसा आवृता सती? सर्वार्थान् सर्वानेव ज्ञेयपदार्थान् विपरीतांश्च विपरीतानेव विजानाति? बुद्धिः सा पार्थ? तामसी।।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Śrīdhara Svāmin

।।18.32।।तामसीं बुद्धिमाह -- अधर्ममिति। विपरीतग्राहिणी बुद्धिस्तामसीत्यर्थः। बुद्धिरन्तःकरणं पूर्वोक्तम्। ज्ञानं तु तद्वृत्तिः। धृतिरपि तद्वृत्तिरेव। यद्वा -- अन्तःकरणस्य धर्मिणो बुद्धिरप्यध्यवसायलक्षणाद्वृत्तिरेव। इच्छाद्वेषादीनां तद्वृत्तीनां बहुत्वेऽपि धर्माधर्मभयाभयसाधनत्वेन प्राधान्यादेतासां त्रैविध्यमुक्तम्। उपलक्षणं चैतदन्यासाम्।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Vallabhācārya

।।18.32।।अधर्ममिति। तमसा अज्ञानेनाऽऽवृता सर्वार्थान्विपरीतान्मन्यते सा तामसी।

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Commentary · Sanskrit

Vedānta Deśika Veṅkaṭanātha

।।18.32।।तामसी इत्यनेनैव तमोमूलत्वसिद्धेःतमसाऽऽवृता इत्यनेन तादात्विकतमोनिरुद्धप्रसरत्वं विवक्षितमित्याह -- तमसाऽऽवृता सतीति।सर्वार्थान् इत्यनेन सिद्धसाध्यरूपसमस्तानुक्तसङ्ग्रहमाह -- सन्तं चार्थमसन्तमसन्तमित्यादिना। एतेन बाह्यानां कुदृष्टीनां च मतं तामसमिति दर्शितम्। उक्तं च मनुना -- या वेदबाह्याः स्मृतयो याश्च काश्च कुदृष्टयः। सर्वास्ता निष्फलाः प्रेत्य तमोनिष्ठा हि ताः स्मृताः [मनुः12।95] इति। अत्र राजसतामसबुद्ध्योरियान्विशेषः -- असमग्रवेदनमन्यथावेदनं च राजस्यांयथावन्न जानाति इति व्याख्यानात् तामस्यां तु सर्वं विपरीतं मन्यते?सर्वार्थान् इत्युक्तेरित्येके। अन्ये त्वाहुः -- प्रकारान्यथात्वं प्रकार्यन्यथात्वं च विशेषः। यद्यपि उभयत्राधिष्ठानभूते धर्मिण्यतद्धर्म एवाध्यास्यते तथापि स्वरूपनिरूपकधर्मवैपरीत्ये तामसता यथा शुक्तिरजतभ्रमे निरूपितस्वरूपविशेषकधर्मवैपरीत्ये तु राजसता यथा पीतशङ्खभ्रम इति।

Machine-validated alignment; human review pending. SHA-256 f36f1a3cab9d…

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Canonical ID
gita.18.32
Corpus version
gita-1.0.0-rc.1
Text review
machine-cross-checked; first review verified, second pass pending
Devanagari and IAST digital witness
vedic-scriptures · BG18.32
English translation witness
telang-1882 · Chapter 18; aligned against BG18.32
SHA-256
47a6fc472651eded0f8f7d3099c261c5534f69886afccd20dd5704652dd3934b